SBI PO 2019 English (Cloze test) Quiz: 2nd March 2019

Directions (1-10): In the passage given below there are blanks which are numbered from 11 to 15. They are to be filled with the options given below the passage against each of the respective numbers. Find out the appropriate word in each case which can most suitably complete the sentence without altering its meaning. If none of the words given in options fits in, mark ‘None of these’ as your answer choice. 

Q1. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q2. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q3. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q4. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q5. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q6. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q7. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q8. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q9. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Q10. Extensive attention has been given to plastic bags and straws as ----------1--------- to the environment and a hazard to the ecosystem. However, very few know about the adverse impact of cigarette filters, containing plastic, on the habitat. ---------2---------, 5.7 trillion cigarettes were smoked globally in 2016. Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic litter and constitute a significant --------3------- of the total litter in the world – but they often go unnoticed. According to WHO, tossing a cigarette butt on the ground is one of the most acceptable forms of --------4-------- among smokers and non-smokers across the globe.
For long, most people were under the assumption that cigarette filters are biodegradable as they consist, at least in part, of cellulose acetate — which is, in --------5--------, a natural product. The fact, however, is that cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade due to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone, which itself can be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases. It may actually take as long as 10-15 years to -------6--------. In many cases, these butts are dumped recklessly on pavements or dropped into the gutters, and in the majority of cases, eventually make their way to water bodies including lakes, rivers and oceans. These butts further break down into very harmful micro-plastics. Studies have also found that arsenic, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals are also --------7--------- by cigarette butts in the environment.
The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for --------8------- of the contents of tobacco products and obligates Parties to protect the environment and people’s health in relation to agriculture and manufacturing of tobacco products. It also -------9-------- Parties to consider taking legislative action to address the issue of industry liability for the adverse consequences of tobacco use. India is a signatory to the treaty since 2004. Given these obligations, --------10------- attention to tobacco product waste contamination is needed.

Directions (11-15): In the passage given below there are blanks which are numbered from 11 to 15. They are to be filled with the options given below the passage against each of the respective numbers. Find out the appropriate word in each case which can most suitably complete the sentence without altering its meaning. If none of the words given in options fits in, mark ‘None of these’ as your answer choice. 

Q11. Every school child knows the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid --------11-------- into the Earth some 66 million years ago. But scientists say the story may not be quite that simple, and that massive volcanic eruptions over hundreds of thousands of years may have ---------12--------- to the dinosaurs’ demise at the end of the Cretaceous period. Two studies published on Thursday in the journal Science contributed to a longstanding scientific debate on what exactly finished off the -------13------ reptiles. Before the 1980s, the dominant theory had been that huge and prolonged volcanic eruptions caused a rapid and deadly shift in the planet’s climate by sending vast clouds of ash, gas and dust into the atmosphere. Then scientists -----------14-------- the huge Chicxulub crater of an ancient asteroid impact off the Caribbean coast of Mexico, which they posited had sent so much debris into the atmosphere that it ---------15--------- photosynthesis in plants and killed off three-quarters of life on Earth. Ever since, scientists have maintained a lively debate about the relative contribution of each cataclysmic event to the mass die-off.

Q12. Every school child knows the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid --------11-------- into the Earth some 66 million years ago. But scientists say the story may not be quite that simple, and that massive volcanic eruptions over hundreds of thousands of years may have ---------12--------- to the dinosaurs’ demise at the end of the Cretaceous period. Two studies published on Thursday in the journal Science contributed to a longstanding scientific debate on what exactly finished off the -------13------ reptiles. Before the 1980s, the dominant theory had been that huge and prolonged volcanic eruptions caused a rapid and deadly shift in the planet’s climate by sending vast clouds of ash, gas and dust into the atmosphere. Then scientists -----------14-------- the huge Chicxulub crater of an ancient asteroid impact off the Caribbean coast of Mexico, which they posited had sent so much debris into the atmosphere that it ---------15--------- photosynthesis in plants and killed off three-quarters of life on Earth. Ever since, scientists have maintained a lively debate about the relative contribution of each cataclysmic event to the mass die-off.

Q13. Every school child knows the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid --------11-------- into the Earth some 66 million years ago. But scientists say the story may not be quite that simple, and that massive volcanic eruptions over hundreds of thousands of years may have ---------12--------- to the dinosaurs’ demise at the end of the Cretaceous period. Two studies published on Thursday in the journal Science contributed to a longstanding scientific debate on what exactly finished off the -------13------ reptiles. Before the 1980s, the dominant theory had been that huge and prolonged volcanic eruptions caused a rapid and deadly shift in the planet’s climate by sending vast clouds of ash, gas and dust into the atmosphere. Then scientists -----------14-------- the huge Chicxulub crater of an ancient asteroid impact off the Caribbean coast of Mexico, which they posited had sent so much debris into the atmosphere that it ---------15--------- photosynthesis in plants and killed off three-quarters of life on Earth. Ever since, scientists have maintained a lively debate about the relative contribution of each cataclysmic event to the mass die-off.

Q14. Every school child knows the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid --------11-------- into the Earth some 66 million years ago. But scientists say the story may not be quite that simple, and that massive volcanic eruptions over hundreds of thousands of years may have ---------12--------- to the dinosaurs’ demise at the end of the Cretaceous period. Two studies published on Thursday in the journal Science contributed to a longstanding scientific debate on what exactly finished off the -------13------ reptiles. Before the 1980s, the dominant theory had been that huge and prolonged volcanic eruptions caused a rapid and deadly shift in the planet’s climate by sending vast clouds of ash, gas and dust into the atmosphere. Then scientists -----------14-------- the huge Chicxulub crater of an ancient asteroid impact off the Caribbean coast of Mexico, which they posited had sent so much debris into the atmosphere that it ---------15--------- photosynthesis in plants and killed off three-quarters of life on Earth. Ever since, scientists have maintained a lively debate about the relative contribution of each cataclysmic event to the mass die-off.

Q15. Every school child knows the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid --------11-------- into the Earth some 66 million years ago. But scientists say the story may not be quite that simple, and that massive volcanic eruptions over hundreds of thousands of years may have ---------12--------- to the dinosaurs’ demise at the end of the Cretaceous period. Two studies published on Thursday in the journal Science contributed to a longstanding scientific debate on what exactly finished off the -------13------ reptiles. Before the 1980s, the dominant theory had been that huge and prolonged volcanic eruptions caused a rapid and deadly shift in the planet’s climate by sending vast clouds of ash, gas and dust into the atmosphere. Then scientists -----------14-------- the huge Chicxulub crater of an ancient asteroid impact off the Caribbean coast of Mexico, which they posited had sent so much debris into the atmosphere that it ---------15--------- photosynthesis in plants and killed off three-quarters of life on Earth. Ever since, scientists have maintained a lively debate about the relative contribution of each cataclysmic event to the mass die-off.