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Directions (1-10): Read the
following passage and answer the questions following it. Several alphabets are
given to help u assist in answering those questions.
following passage and answer the questions following it. Several alphabets are
given to help u assist in answering those questions.
Any
knowledge discipline is hard to define. Firstly, because it evolves
continuously and secondly, because the range of (A) it studies cannot be
captured by any one definition. This is even truer for psychology. The term
psychology is derived from two Greek words psyche meaning soul and logos
meaning science or study of a subject. Thus, psychology was a study of the soul
or mind. (B)But since then it has moved away considerably from this focus and
established itself as a scientific discipline who deals with processes
underlying human experience and behaviour. The range of phenomena it studies
are spread over several levels, viz. individual, dyadic (two person) group, and
organisational. They also have biological as well as social bases. Naturally,
therefore, the methods required to study them also vary greatly depending on
the phenomenon one wants to study. A discipline is defined both in terms of
what it studies and how it studies. In fact, more in terms of how or method/s
it uses. (C) Keeping this in view, psychology is (1) experiences formally as a
science which studies mental processes, (2) defined and (3) behaviour in
different (4) contexts. In doing so, it uses methods of biological and social
sciences to obtain data systematically. It makes sense of these data so that
they can be organised as knowledge. Let us try to understand the three terms
used in the definition, namely, mental processes, experience, and behaviour.
When we say experiences are internal to the experiencing person, then we refer
to (D) _____________________________________________________. We use our mental
processes when we think or try to solve a problem, to know or remember
something. One level at which these mental processes are (E) is the brain
activity. As we think or solve a mathematical problem, our brain activities can
be observed using different structure of brain imaging. However, we cannot say
that brain activities and mental processes are the same, although they are (F)
unallied. Mental activities and neural activities are mutually overlapping
processes but, they are not identical. (G) Mind emerges and evolves as our
interactions and experiences in this world get dynamically organised in the
form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental
processes. Brain activities provide important clues as to how our mind
functions. (H) But the (1) neural of our own (2) experiences and mental
processes are much more than the (3) consciousness or brain (4) activities.
Even when we are asleep some mental activities go on. We dream, and receive
some information such as a knock on the door while we are asleep. Some
psychologists have shown that we also learn and remember in our sleep. (I)
Mental processes, such as remembering, learning, knowing, perceiving, feeling
are of interest to psychologists. They study these processes to try to
understand how the mind works and to help us improve the uses and (J) of these
mental capacities.
knowledge discipline is hard to define. Firstly, because it evolves
continuously and secondly, because the range of (A) it studies cannot be
captured by any one definition. This is even truer for psychology. The term
psychology is derived from two Greek words psyche meaning soul and logos
meaning science or study of a subject. Thus, psychology was a study of the soul
or mind. (B)But since then it has moved away considerably from this focus and
established itself as a scientific discipline who deals with processes
underlying human experience and behaviour. The range of phenomena it studies
are spread over several levels, viz. individual, dyadic (two person) group, and
organisational. They also have biological as well as social bases. Naturally,
therefore, the methods required to study them also vary greatly depending on
the phenomenon one wants to study. A discipline is defined both in terms of
what it studies and how it studies. In fact, more in terms of how or method/s
it uses. (C) Keeping this in view, psychology is (1) experiences formally as a
science which studies mental processes, (2) defined and (3) behaviour in
different (4) contexts. In doing so, it uses methods of biological and social
sciences to obtain data systematically. It makes sense of these data so that
they can be organised as knowledge. Let us try to understand the three terms
used in the definition, namely, mental processes, experience, and behaviour.
When we say experiences are internal to the experiencing person, then we refer
to (D) _____________________________________________________. We use our mental
processes when we think or try to solve a problem, to know or remember
something. One level at which these mental processes are (E) is the brain
activity. As we think or solve a mathematical problem, our brain activities can
be observed using different structure of brain imaging. However, we cannot say
that brain activities and mental processes are the same, although they are (F)
unallied. Mental activities and neural activities are mutually overlapping
processes but, they are not identical. (G) Mind emerges and evolves as our
interactions and experiences in this world get dynamically organised in the
form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental
processes. Brain activities provide important clues as to how our mind
functions. (H) But the (1) neural of our own (2) experiences and mental
processes are much more than the (3) consciousness or brain (4) activities.
Even when we are asleep some mental activities go on. We dream, and receive
some information such as a knock on the door while we are asleep. Some
psychologists have shown that we also learn and remember in our sleep. (I)
Mental processes, such as remembering, learning, knowing, perceiving, feeling
are of interest to psychologists. They study these processes to try to
understand how the mind works and to help us improve the uses and (J) of these
mental capacities.
Q1. Which of
the following words given in the options should come at the place marked as (A)
in the above passage to make it grammatically correct and meaningful? Also, the
word should fill in the two sentences given below to make them contextually
correct and meaningful.
the following words given in the options should come at the place marked as (A)
in the above passage to make it grammatically correct and meaningful? Also, the
word should fill in the two sentences given below to make them contextually
correct and meaningful.
(i) Many of
the __________________ of Winter are suggestive of an inexpressible tenderness
and fragile delicacy.
the __________________ of Winter are suggestive of an inexpressible tenderness
and fragile delicacy.
(ii) In all
his travels he studied only the _________________ of nature and human life.
his travels he studied only the _________________ of nature and human life.
(a)
expansion
expansion
(b)
phenomena
phenomena
(c) abysmal
(d)
arrogance
arrogance
(e)
compliance
compliance
Q2. In the
above passage, a sentence B is given in Italics. There may or may not be an
error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as
your answer. If there is no error, then choose option (e) as your answer.
above passage, a sentence B is given in Italics. There may or may not be an
error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as
your answer. If there is no error, then choose option (e) as your answer.
(a) But
since then it has moved away considerably from this focus
since then it has moved away considerably from this focus
(b) and
established itself as a scientific discipline
established itself as a scientific discipline
(c) who
deals with processes underlying
deals with processes underlying
(d) human
experience and behaviour
experience and behaviour
(e) No error
Q3. The
sentence given in (C) has four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold
words which of the followings must interchange to make the sentence
grammatically and contextually correct and meaningful?
sentence given in (C) has four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold
words which of the followings must interchange to make the sentence
grammatically and contextually correct and meaningful?
(a) 1-2
(b) 2-4
(c) 1-4
(d) 2-3
(e) 3-4
Q4. Which of
the following phrases should fill the blank (D) to make it contextually and
grammatically meaningful and correct respectively?
the following phrases should fill the blank (D) to make it contextually and
grammatically meaningful and correct respectively?
(a)
subjectivity is a necessary aspect of human experience.
subjectivity is a necessary aspect of human experience.
(b)
psychology as a discipline today has two parallel streams.
psychology as a discipline today has two parallel streams.
(c)
evolutionary approach which is dominance in physical sciences.
evolutionary approach which is dominance in physical sciences.
(d) states
of consciousness or awareness or mental processes
of consciousness or awareness or mental processes
(e)
interesting cases that have been published.
interesting cases that have been published.
Q5. Which of
the following words given in the options should come at the place marked as ‘E’
in the above paragraph to make it grammatically and contextually meaningful and
correct? Also, the word should fill the two sentences given below to make them
contextually correct and meaningful?
the following words given in the options should come at the place marked as ‘E’
in the above paragraph to make it grammatically and contextually meaningful and
correct? Also, the word should fill the two sentences given below to make them
contextually correct and meaningful?
(i) I
suddenly saw myself ____________________ in a window pane and it startled me.
suddenly saw myself ____________________ in a window pane and it startled me.
(ii) The
shift in the balance of forces is also ____________________ in international
finance.
shift in the balance of forces is also ____________________ in international
finance.
(a)
complaint
complaint
(b)
reflected
reflected
(c)
converted
converted
(d)
disguised
disguised
(e)
forecasted
forecasted
Q6. A word
is given in bold in F. Choose the word which should replace the word given in
bold to make the sentence correct and meaningful. If no change is required,
choose option (e) as your answer.
is given in bold in F. Choose the word which should replace the word given in
bold to make the sentence correct and meaningful. If no change is required,
choose option (e) as your answer.
(a) futile
(b)
organised
organised
(c)
interdependent
interdependent
(d) jumbled
(e) No change
Q7. Two
sentences are given in italics on both sides of G. Which of the following
statements can come in between the two sentences in place of G and maintain the
continuity of the paragraph?
sentences are given in italics on both sides of G. Which of the following
statements can come in between the two sentences in place of G and maintain the
continuity of the paragraph?
(a) Unlike
the brain, the mind does not have a physical structure nor has a location.
the brain, the mind does not have a physical structure nor has a location.
(b)
Developmental psychologists collaborate with anthropologists,
Developmental psychologists collaborate with anthropologists,
(c)
Therefore behaviour should be studied in its socio-cultural context.
Therefore behaviour should be studied in its socio-cultural context.
(d) The
purpose is to develop general principles about behaviour and mental processes.
purpose is to develop general principles about behaviour and mental processes.
(e)
psychologists make certain interventions into the lives of needy people.
psychologists make certain interventions into the lives of needy people.
Q8. The
sentence given in H has four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold words,
which of the followings must replace each other to make the sentence
contextually correct and meaningful?
sentence given in H has four words given in bold. Amongst the given bold words,
which of the followings must replace each other to make the sentence
contextually correct and meaningful?
(a) 2-4
(b) 2-3
(c) 1-4
(d) 3-4
(e) 1-3
Q9. In the
passage given, a sentence I is given in Italics. There may or may not be an
error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as
your answer.
passage given, a sentence I is given in Italics. There may or may not be an
error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as
your answer.
(a) Mental
processes, such as
processes, such as
(b)
remembering, learning, knowing
remembering, learning, knowing
(c)
perceiving, feeling are of
perceiving, feeling are of
(d) interest
to psychologists
to psychologists
(e) No error
Q10. Which
of the following words should fill the blank given in J to make it contextually
correct and meaningful?
of the following words should fill the blank given in J to make it contextually
correct and meaningful?
(a)
illusions
illusions
(b) facades
(c) expenses
(d)
applications
applications
(e)
predilection
predilection
Directions (11-15): Rearrange the
following sentences in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and
then answer the questions given below.
following sentences in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and
then answer the questions given below.
(A) In fact,
what’s worrying is that some of these expensive plants may end up being
liquidated because lenders would resist selling them at big haircuts, fearful
of being questioned by the investigative agencies.
what’s worrying is that some of these expensive plants may end up being
liquidated because lenders would resist selling them at big haircuts, fearful
of being questioned by the investigative agencies.
(B) What is
more important, however, is that it won’t really solve the issues faced by
these plants and will, at most, help postpone the day of reckoning.
more important, however, is that it won’t really solve the issues faced by
these plants and will, at most, help postpone the day of reckoning.
(C) Which is
why union power minister RK Singh is trying to convince RBI it should provide
lenders some forbearance for these assets.
why union power minister RK Singh is trying to convince RBI it should provide
lenders some forbearance for these assets.
(D) Whether
the central bank will make exceptions for one sector is not clear.
the central bank will make exceptions for one sector is not clear.
(E) With
over 40,000 MW of power plants already unviable for want of fuel or power
purchase agreements (PPAs), and likely to be sold for a song if they turn into
non-performing assets on banks’ books and end up in the NCLT, it is
understandable the government is seriously concerned.
over 40,000 MW of power plants already unviable for want of fuel or power
purchase agreements (PPAs), and likely to be sold for a song if they turn into
non-performing assets on banks’ books and end up in the NCLT, it is
understandable the government is seriously concerned.
Q11. Which
of the following is THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
of the following is THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
Q12. Which
of the following is SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
of the following is SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
Q13. Which
of the following is last sentence after rearrangement?
of the following is last sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
Q14. Which
of the following is first sentence after rearrangement?
of the following is first sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
Q15. Which
of the following is fourth sentence after rearrangement?
of the following is fourth sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E
Solutions
S1. Ans. (b)
Sol. Among
the given words, “phenomena” fits aptly in the context of the passage as it
means something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially
something unusual or interesting. All the other words are either contextually
incoherent to the passage or they fail to fit in either of the sentences.
Hence, option (b) becomes the most suitable answer choice.
the given words, “phenomena” fits aptly in the context of the passage as it
means something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially
something unusual or interesting. All the other words are either contextually
incoherent to the passage or they fail to fit in either of the sentences.
Hence, option (b) becomes the most suitable answer choice.
Expansion
means the action of becoming larger or more extensive.
means the action of becoming larger or more extensive.
Abysmal
means extremely bad; appalling.
means extremely bad; appalling.
Arrogance
means the quality of being arrogant.
means the quality of being arrogant.
Compliance
means the action or fact of complying with a wish or command.
means the action or fact of complying with a wish or command.
S2. Ans. (c)
Sol. There
is an error in the phrase mentioned in option (c) “who deals with processes
underlying”. “Who” should be replaced by “which” as the main difference between
‘who’ and ‘that’ or ‘which’ is that you
should only use ‘who’ to refer to a person or people – who is never used to
refer to things. However, ‘which’ or ‘that’ is used as a relative pronoun for
things. Hence, option (c) is the most suitable answer choice.
is an error in the phrase mentioned in option (c) “who deals with processes
underlying”. “Who” should be replaced by “which” as the main difference between
‘who’ and ‘that’ or ‘which’ is that you
should only use ‘who’ to refer to a person or people – who is never used to
refer to things. However, ‘which’ or ‘that’ is used as a relative pronoun for
things. Hence, option (c) is the most suitable answer choice.
S3. Ans. (a)
Sol. The presence of the word ‘defined after
‘mental process’ separated through a comma, makes it incorrect. Also the word
‘experiences’ in its position is contextually incorrect. The positions of the
words (3) and (4) are correct. Upon interchanging 1-2, we get a sentence which
is grammatically and contextually meaningful and correct. Thus the correct
sentence should be ‘Keeping this in view, psychology is (1) defined formally as
a science which studies mental processes, (2) experiences and (3) behaviour in
different (4) contexts.’
‘mental process’ separated through a comma, makes it incorrect. Also the word
‘experiences’ in its position is contextually incorrect. The positions of the
words (3) and (4) are correct. Upon interchanging 1-2, we get a sentence which
is grammatically and contextually meaningful and correct. Thus the correct
sentence should be ‘Keeping this in view, psychology is (1) defined formally as
a science which studies mental processes, (2) experiences and (3) behaviour in
different (4) contexts.’
Hence, the
option (a) is the correct answer.
option (a) is the correct answer.
S4. Ans. (d)
Sol. The
earlier part of the sentence hints for the latter part of it as it mentions
experiences are internal to person which means that they are in the internal
consciousness of the person. The only phrase that fits in the context of the
passage is “states of consciousness or awareness or mental processes”. All the
other phrases/clauses are contextually irrelevant. Hence, option (d) becomes
the most viable answer choice.
earlier part of the sentence hints for the latter part of it as it mentions
experiences are internal to person which means that they are in the internal
consciousness of the person. The only phrase that fits in the context of the
passage is “states of consciousness or awareness or mental processes”. All the
other phrases/clauses are contextually irrelevant. Hence, option (d) becomes
the most viable answer choice.
S5. Ans. (b)
Sol. Among the
given words, “reflected” fits aptly in the context of the passage as it means
think deeply or carefully about. The hint for the same can be drawn from the
next sentence where it states “…our brain activities can be observed using
different techniques of brain imaging…” All the other words are either
contextually incoherent to the passage or they fail to fit in either of the
sentences. Hence, option (b) becomes the most suitable answer choice.
given words, “reflected” fits aptly in the context of the passage as it means
think deeply or carefully about. The hint for the same can be drawn from the
next sentence where it states “…our brain activities can be observed using
different techniques of brain imaging…” All the other words are either
contextually incoherent to the passage or they fail to fit in either of the
sentences. Hence, option (b) becomes the most suitable answer choice.
S6. Ans. (c)
Sol.
‘Although’ in a sentence is used to introduce a contrasting clause. Since the
earlier part of the sentence mentions that it is not definite to say mental
processes and brain activities are same, the later part should mention
something about their relation. Only option (c) satisfies this criterion, hence
it becomes the most suitable answer choice.
‘Although’ in a sentence is used to introduce a contrasting clause. Since the
earlier part of the sentence mentions that it is not definite to say mental
processes and brain activities are same, the later part should mention
something about their relation. Only option (c) satisfies this criterion, hence
it becomes the most suitable answer choice.
S7. Ans. (a)
Sol. Among
the given options, only option (a) gels well with the preceding and the
following sentences of (G). The rests seem out-of-context. Both the preceding
and following sentences of G explains the distinction between the mind
activities and neural activities.
Therefore, the option (a) sentence easily fits in the context of the
passage continuing its theme.
the given options, only option (a) gels well with the preceding and the
following sentences of (G). The rests seem out-of-context. Both the preceding
and following sentences of G explains the distinction between the mind
activities and neural activities.
Therefore, the option (a) sentence easily fits in the context of the
passage continuing its theme.
S8. Ans. (e)
Sol. The
position of the words “neural” and “consciousness” is incorrect as in the
earlier part of the paragraph it has been mentioned that neural refers to the
physical structure of the mind. Therefore, to define mental processes ‘neural’
becomes incoherent. Hence, swapping the words in position 1-3 frames a
grammatically correct and contextually meaningful sentence. Hence, option (e)
is the most suitable answer choice.
position of the words “neural” and “consciousness” is incorrect as in the
earlier part of the paragraph it has been mentioned that neural refers to the
physical structure of the mind. Therefore, to define mental processes ‘neural’
becomes incoherent. Hence, swapping the words in position 1-3 frames a
grammatically correct and contextually meaningful sentence. Hence, option (e)
is the most suitable answer choice.
S9. Ans. (e)
Sol. The
given sentence is grammatically correct and contextually meaningful and doesn’t
require any changes. Hence, the option (e) ‘no error’ is the correct answer
given sentence is grammatically correct and contextually meaningful and doesn’t
require any changes. Hence, the option (e) ‘no error’ is the correct answer
S10. Ans.
(d)
(d)
Sol. Among
the given words, “applications” precisely replaces (J) to form a grammatically
correct and contextually meaningful paragraph. The hint for the word may be
drawn from phrase “uses and…” since the conjunction ‘and’ is used, it indicates
that the other word should be something similar in the context. Hence, option
(d) is the most suitable answer choice.
the given words, “applications” precisely replaces (J) to form a grammatically
correct and contextually meaningful paragraph. The hint for the word may be
drawn from phrase “uses and…” since the conjunction ‘and’ is used, it indicates
that the other word should be something similar in the context. Hence, option
(d) is the most suitable answer choice.
S11. Ans.
(c)
(c)
Sol. Going
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
S12. Ans.
(a)
(a)
Sol. Going
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
S13. Ans.
(b)
(b)
Sol. Going
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
S14. Ans.
(e)
(e)
Sol. Going
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
S15. Ans.
(d)
(d)
Sol. Going
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
through the given sentences it can be clearly seen that the given passage is
talking about the problems faced by power plants and steps proposed to tackle
it. So the correct arrangement would be EACDB.
English Quiz For NIACL AO Mains 2024 Exa...
