IBPS PO Mains English Quiz on Miscellaneous Topics
The English language perplexes most of the students and makes one nervous during the examination even if the answer to the question is known. But there are no formulas to cramp or the longer the calculation to deal with. The mistakes that occur are because of the lack of confidence. With proper strategy, Study Notes, Quizzes, Vocabulary one can calm his/her nerves and excel in no time. Make the reading newspaper, editorial a habit, and also participate in the daily quiz. The IBPS PO 2019 is just one step away from your reach. Here is the quiz under the Study Plan ‘FATEH’, on the IBPS PO Mains English Quiz and we have Reading Comprehension for 31st of October 2019. You can also check out the latest books for IBPS PO 2019 exam.
Directions (1-8): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given
below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them,
while answering some of the questions.
below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them,
while answering some of the questions.
Cancer immunotherapy is in the spotlight this week after two scientists
won the Nobel Prize on Monday for their contributions to the treatment. The
2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James
Allison, chair of the department of immunology at MD Anderson Cancer Center in
Texas, and Tasuku Honjo, a distinguished professor at the Kyoto University
Institute for Advanced Study in Japan, for their discoveries that lead to a new
type of cancer treatment that targets people’s immune systems. The treatment,
called immunotherapy, takes the brakes off the body’s main defense mechanism, a
type of white blood cell known as a T-cell. Unrestricted T-cells can attack
tumor cells more effectively and eradicate cancer from the body. “Allison and Honjo
showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system
can be used in the treatment of cancer,” the Nobel Assembly said in a
statement. “The seminal discoveries by the two Laureates constitute a
landmark in our fight against cancer.”
won the Nobel Prize on Monday for their contributions to the treatment. The
2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James
Allison, chair of the department of immunology at MD Anderson Cancer Center in
Texas, and Tasuku Honjo, a distinguished professor at the Kyoto University
Institute for Advanced Study in Japan, for their discoveries that lead to a new
type of cancer treatment that targets people’s immune systems. The treatment,
called immunotherapy, takes the brakes off the body’s main defense mechanism, a
type of white blood cell known as a T-cell. Unrestricted T-cells can attack
tumor cells more effectively and eradicate cancer from the body. “Allison and Honjo
showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system
can be used in the treatment of cancer,” the Nobel Assembly said in a
statement. “The seminal discoveries by the two Laureates constitute a
landmark in our fight against cancer.”
Immunotherapy harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer
cells more effectively. The most prominent type of immunotherapy — and the idea
that won Allison and Honjo the Nobel Prize — are called immune checkpoint
inhibitors. Here’s what you should know: T-cells are the immune system’s main
fighter cells. They hunt down and destroy foreign invaders, like
infections. But to prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking the
body’s own, healthy cells, several control mechanisms (also called checkpoints)
are built in. Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs — based on the work of Allison
and Honjo — that block the body’s control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more
active and can fight cancer cells more freely.
cells more effectively. The most prominent type of immunotherapy — and the idea
that won Allison and Honjo the Nobel Prize — are called immune checkpoint
inhibitors. Here’s what you should know: T-cells are the immune system’s main
fighter cells. They hunt down and destroy foreign invaders, like
infections. But to prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking the
body’s own, healthy cells, several control mechanisms (also called checkpoints)
are built in. Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs — based on the work of Allison
and Honjo — that block the body’s control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more
active and can fight cancer cells more freely.
Typical cancer treatments, like chemotherapy or radiation, attack the
tumor cells directly, whereas immunotherapies ramp up the body’s own immune
system to better fight the cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation are very
effective at shrinking tumors for many different types of cancer, but some forms
seem to be impervious to the treatments. What’s more, chemotherapy and
radiation have extremely unpleasant side effects.
tumor cells directly, whereas immunotherapies ramp up the body’s own immune
system to better fight the cancer. Chemotherapy and radiation are very
effective at shrinking tumors for many different types of cancer, but some forms
seem to be impervious to the treatments. What’s more, chemotherapy and
radiation have extremely unpleasant side effects.
Cancer cells can use checkpoints to their advantage and evade the immune
system. A checkpoint can shut T-cells down and hamper their ability to attack,
allowing the cancer to spread uninhibitedly. The two winners, Allison and
Honjo, each discovered a different checkpoint on T-cells that can be targeted
by cancer cells to prevent or slow down an attack. The first checkpoint identified
by Allison, called CTLA-4, stops T-cells from replicating. When a T-cell
identifies a tumor cell and initiates its assault, it also starts to copy
itself, producing even more T-cells to overwhelm and destroy the tumor. CTLA-4
is a protein on the T-cell that prevents it from reproducing, slowing down and
eventually stopping the attack. This mechanism ensures that the T-cells don’t
keep dividing forever. T-cells have another protein on their surface called
PD-1 — identified by Honjo — which attaches to a matching protein called PD-L1
on the surface of other cells. If a T-cell meets PD-L1, it will leave that cell
alone, and many cells in the body have PD-L1 proteins to tell T-cells not to
attack them. However, some cancer cells mask themselves in PD-L1 proteins,
tricking the T-cells into thinking they are normal healthy cells.
system. A checkpoint can shut T-cells down and hamper their ability to attack,
allowing the cancer to spread uninhibitedly. The two winners, Allison and
Honjo, each discovered a different checkpoint on T-cells that can be targeted
by cancer cells to prevent or slow down an attack. The first checkpoint identified
by Allison, called CTLA-4, stops T-cells from replicating. When a T-cell
identifies a tumor cell and initiates its assault, it also starts to copy
itself, producing even more T-cells to overwhelm and destroy the tumor. CTLA-4
is a protein on the T-cell that prevents it from reproducing, slowing down and
eventually stopping the attack. This mechanism ensures that the T-cells don’t
keep dividing forever. T-cells have another protein on their surface called
PD-1 — identified by Honjo — which attaches to a matching protein called PD-L1
on the surface of other cells. If a T-cell meets PD-L1, it will leave that cell
alone, and many cells in the body have PD-L1 proteins to tell T-cells not to
attack them. However, some cancer cells mask themselves in PD-L1 proteins,
tricking the T-cells into thinking they are normal healthy cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been revolutionary for certain types
of cancer that are largely resistant to traditional therapies. CTLA-4
inhibitors are very effective in treating advanced melanoma (the most serious
type of skin cancer). PD-1 inhibitors are now used to treat many different
types of cancer, including lung, kidney, and bladder cancer, as well as Hodgkin
lymphoma. Not every person or every type of cancer responds to this type of
immunotherapy, and researchers are now trying to figure out why that is.
Oncologists have also started to combine the two types of drugs, and they
appear to benefit more patients when they are delivered together.
of cancer that are largely resistant to traditional therapies. CTLA-4
inhibitors are very effective in treating advanced melanoma (the most serious
type of skin cancer). PD-1 inhibitors are now used to treat many different
types of cancer, including lung, kidney, and bladder cancer, as well as Hodgkin
lymphoma. Not every person or every type of cancer responds to this type of
immunotherapy, and researchers are now trying to figure out why that is.
Oncologists have also started to combine the two types of drugs, and they
appear to benefit more patients when they are delivered together.
The biggest risk accompanying immunotherapy is the development of
autoimmune diseases, and many patients who receive immunotherapy experience
side effects. Most of these are minor, such as a rash or diarrhea. A very small
percentage of patients experience a more severe response, including colitis and
type I diabetes.
autoimmune diseases, and many patients who receive immunotherapy experience
side effects. Most of these are minor, such as a rash or diarrhea. A very small
percentage of patients experience a more severe response, including colitis and
type I diabetes.
Q1. What is the name given, in the passage, to the control mechanisms
which is/are being taken advantage of, by the cancer cells to avoid or slow
down the attacks by the immune system?
which is/are being taken advantage of, by the cancer cells to avoid or slow
down the attacks by the immune system?
(a) T-cells
(b) PD-L1
(c) Checkpoint inhibitor
(d) CTLA-4
(e) Checkpoint
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q2. Where are T-cells found?
(a) Immune system
(b) Blood
(c) Hormone
(d) Cancer Cell
(e) None of the above
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q3. What have the 2018 Nobel Prize recipients in Physiology or Medicine
done in the field of medicine?
done in the field of medicine?
(i) Each of the two recipients discovered a different checkpoint on the
T-cell.
T-cell.
(ii) The two recipients floated the idea of checkpoint inhibitors.
(iii) Each of the two recipients invented a different checkpoint on the
T-cell.
T-cell.
(a) Only (iii)
(b) Both (ii) and (iii)
(c) Both (i) and (ii)
(d) Only (ii)
(e) Only (i)
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q4. What are checkpoints which were discovered by the 2018 noble
laureates and checkpoint inhibitors?
laureates and checkpoint inhibitors?
(a) Types of Proteins; Types of drugs
(b) Types of non-T-Cells; an alternative therapy which treat cancer
(c) Types of Proteins; an alternative therapy which treat cancer
(d) Types of cells found in cancer cells; types of drugs
(e) None of the above
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q5. Which of the following types of cancer can be cured by the
checkpoints?
checkpoints?
(a) Advanced stage of Melanoma
(b) Lung Cancer
(c) Hodgkin lymphoma
(d) Each of the options (a), (b) and (c)
(e) None of the above
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q6. Which of the followings is/are FALSE as per the information
disseminated in the given passage?
disseminated in the given passage?
(i) Checkpoint is a name given to the different proteins which inhibit
the functioning of the T-cells.
the functioning of the T-cells.
(ii) PD-L1 is a protein found on the T-cells which instructs the T-cells
not to attack the cancer cells.
not to attack the cancer cells.
(iii) Checkpoint is a bane for the human body.
(iv) Checkpoint inhibitor is the name given to the therapy which uses
different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system to cure
cancer.
different strategies for inhibiting the brakes on the immune system to cure
cancer.
(v) The 2018 Nobel Laureates in Medicine created drugs which inhibit the
inhibition imposed by the checkpoints on the T-cells.
inhibition imposed by the checkpoints on the T-cells.
(a) Both (i) and (iv) are FALSE
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv) are FALSE
(c) (i), (ii), (iv) and (v) are FALSE
(d) None of given statements are FALSE
(e) All of the given statements are FALSE.
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q7. Which of the following words has the SAME meaning as that of the
word ‘seminal’ given in bold in the first paragraph?
word ‘seminal’ given in bold in the first paragraph?
(a) Arcane
(b) Biased
(c) Germinal
(d) Cynical
(e) Dolorous
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Synonym
Q8. Which of the following words have a meaning which is OPPOSITE to the
meaning of the word ‘destroy’ as given in bold in the second paragraph?
meaning of the word ‘destroy’ as given in bold in the second paragraph?
(a) Expedite
(b) Squander
(c) Venerate
(d) Mend
(e) Vacillate
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Antonym
Direction (9-15):
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of
the questions.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of
the questions.
The state of security along India’s international borders ranks as one
of the most highly charged topics of public discussion. It is a topic that
involves several complex public policy issues, many of which do not have
anything to do with the border per se but reflect domestic concerns regarding
national security and public safety in the country. Indian government has made
the border regions’ security a priority focus, particularly after a series of
cross-border attacks since 2015 through the western border.
of the most highly charged topics of public discussion. It is a topic that
involves several complex public policy issues, many of which do not have
anything to do with the border per se but reflect domestic concerns regarding
national security and public safety in the country. Indian government has made
the border regions’ security a priority focus, particularly after a series of
cross-border attacks since 2015 through the western border.
While issue of security from terrorist attacks is certainly a major
concern that drives many border security considerations, there are other
critical issues involving criminal activities, including trafficking in drugs
and the smuggling of weapons and illegal contrabands, as well as human
trafficking. The significance of this issue has been highlighted by the recent
discovery of a massive underground tunnel running underneath the United States-Mexico
border. The incomplete tunnel contains a solar panel setup used to run
electrical, lighting and ventilation systems. The tunnel was found to have a
rail system that ran the entire length of the tunnel that was powered by solar
panels. In total, the tunnel was found to be 627 feet long — with 336 feet
beneath American territory. The tunnel’s average size in the US was 3 feet high
and almost 3 feet wide. These types of tunnels are usually used for
drug-smuggling. And it is suspected by the US Customs and Border Protection
agency that the tunnel was being prepared for drug trafficking purposes.
concern that drives many border security considerations, there are other
critical issues involving criminal activities, including trafficking in drugs
and the smuggling of weapons and illegal contrabands, as well as human
trafficking. The significance of this issue has been highlighted by the recent
discovery of a massive underground tunnel running underneath the United States-Mexico
border. The incomplete tunnel contains a solar panel setup used to run
electrical, lighting and ventilation systems. The tunnel was found to have a
rail system that ran the entire length of the tunnel that was powered by solar
panels. In total, the tunnel was found to be 627 feet long — with 336 feet
beneath American territory. The tunnel’s average size in the US was 3 feet high
and almost 3 feet wide. These types of tunnels are usually used for
drug-smuggling. And it is suspected by the US Customs and Border Protection
agency that the tunnel was being prepared for drug trafficking purposes.
Without doubt, this is a startling and dangerous development, which
points to a cat-and-mouse game between the law enforcement agencies and the
criminal networks. It has huge implications for India’s own border security. It
need not be repeated that technical limitations, topographic, demographic and
local environmental factors impact the performance of modern border security
architecture, leaving the border vulnerable to various threats. And the discovery of this sophisticated underground tunnel
equipped with solar panel system and a rail system clearly indicates the
challenge of technical limitations. President Donald Trump’s attempts to secure
American borders, especially America’s southern border have not met with
success he expected. The failure is unfortunate because violence in Mexico has
reached terrible dimensions. The rule of law seems to have collapsed. According
to Mexican authorities, drug-trafficking gangs pay around $100 million per
month in bribes to police officers across the country.
points to a cat-and-mouse game between the law enforcement agencies and the
criminal networks. It has huge implications for India’s own border security. It
need not be repeated that technical limitations, topographic, demographic and
local environmental factors impact the performance of modern border security
architecture, leaving the border vulnerable to various threats. And the discovery of this sophisticated underground tunnel
equipped with solar panel system and a rail system clearly indicates the
challenge of technical limitations. President Donald Trump’s attempts to secure
American borders, especially America’s southern border have not met with
success he expected. The failure is unfortunate because violence in Mexico has
reached terrible dimensions. The rule of law seems to have collapsed. According
to Mexican authorities, drug-trafficking gangs pay around $100 million per
month in bribes to police officers across the country.
To this gloomy picture may be added the growing connections between
Mexican drug cartels and jihadist terrorist organizations making Mexico’s use
of the US as a relief valve for its discontented masses extremely dangerous.
Moreover, criminal syndicates in Mexico are equipped with the latest
surveillance and communications technology through which they can maneuver to
locations along the border where the US police presence is minimal or
non-existent. The use of drones by drug cartels on US-Mexico border has raised
the eyebrows of law enforcement agencies as there has been a surprising surge
in the number of drone incidents from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in 2016. This dangerous
situation may well be repeated along the India-Pakistan border as drug cartels
and terrorist organizations across the border have become emboldened in recent
years. Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine has vested interest in pushing
drugs and weapons into India, and there are intelligence reports of the
connivance between them. One must also not forget that underground trans-border
tunnels – spacious enough for terrorists to crawl with arms and ammunition and
enter Indian territory – have been regularly detected by Indian security forces
in the Jammu sector.
Mexican drug cartels and jihadist terrorist organizations making Mexico’s use
of the US as a relief valve for its discontented masses extremely dangerous.
Moreover, criminal syndicates in Mexico are equipped with the latest
surveillance and communications technology through which they can maneuver to
locations along the border where the US police presence is minimal or
non-existent. The use of drones by drug cartels on US-Mexico border has raised
the eyebrows of law enforcement agencies as there has been a surprising surge
in the number of drone incidents from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in 2016. This dangerous
situation may well be repeated along the India-Pakistan border as drug cartels
and terrorist organizations across the border have become emboldened in recent
years. Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine has vested interest in pushing
drugs and weapons into India, and there are intelligence reports of the
connivance between them. One must also not forget that underground trans-border
tunnels – spacious enough for terrorists to crawl with arms and ammunition and
enter Indian territory – have been regularly detected by Indian security forces
in the Jammu sector.
Pakistan-based drug syndicates may now adopt the measures of their
Mexican counterparts with construction of elaborate and sophisticated tunnels
underneath India-Pakistan border along with the use of drones to circumvent
India’s border security infrastructure. Worst of all, in any future war with
Pakistan, the metastasizing nexus of criminality and terrorism will
create a second front for India’s security forces. Given
the sophisticated nature of the threat, the only way to effectively secure
India’s border with Pakistan from drug trafficking and weapons smuggling is to
conceptualize and put in place an omnidirectional border security with a mix of
air and underground detection system.
Mexican counterparts with construction of elaborate and sophisticated tunnels
underneath India-Pakistan border along with the use of drones to circumvent
India’s border security infrastructure. Worst of all, in any future war with
Pakistan, the metastasizing nexus of criminality and terrorism will
create a second front for India’s security forces. Given
the sophisticated nature of the threat, the only way to effectively secure
India’s border with Pakistan from drug trafficking and weapons smuggling is to
conceptualize and put in place an omnidirectional border security with a mix of
air and underground detection system.
This issue also underlines the need to have a sound national border
control strategy, with the setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance
and effectiveness metrics. There is no shortage of new and potentially useful
technologies for use in border security, and the same needs to be adopted along
with a clear vision to adequately train the manpower which will eventually
handle the gadgets. A smart combination of creativity, capacity-building and
collaboration can provide answers to technology-driven challenge to India’s
border security.
control strategy, with the setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance
and effectiveness metrics. There is no shortage of new and potentially useful
technologies for use in border security, and the same needs to be adopted along
with a clear vision to adequately train the manpower which will eventually
handle the gadgets. A smart combination of creativity, capacity-building and
collaboration can provide answers to technology-driven challenge to India’s
border security.
Q9. Which of the following incidents, according to the author, have
highlighted the new challenges in the field of border security?
highlighted the new challenges in the field of border security?
(i) Discovery of a massive underground tunnel running underneath the
United States-Mexico border equipped with sophisticated technologies.
United States-Mexico border equipped with sophisticated technologies.
(ii) Arrest of a drug cartel group at the United States-Mexico border
who used to offer US $10 Million per month in bribe to the police officials
who used to offer US $10 Million per month in bribe to the police officials
(iii) Series of cross-border attacks in 2015.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Only (ii)
(c) Both (i) and (iii)
(d) Only (iii)
(e) None of the above
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q10. Which of the followings are the reasons for the fear of the author?
(i) The connection between the drug cartels, terrorists in Pakistan and
the Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine.
the Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine.
(ii) The use of sophisticated surveillance and communication technology
by the criminal syndicates in Mexico to cross the US-Mexico border illegally
could be replicated by the enemies of India on the Indian border.
by the criminal syndicates in Mexico to cross the US-Mexico border illegally
could be replicated by the enemies of India on the Indian border.
(iii) The growing connections between Mexican drug cartels and jihadist
terrorist organizations.
terrorist organizations.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Both (ii) and (i)
(c) Only (ii)
(d) Both (ii) and (iii)
(e) Both (i) and (iii)
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q11. Which of the following facts are either haven’t been said in
respect of India and/or Pakistan in the given passage?
respect of India and/or Pakistan in the given passage?
(i) There has been a surprising surge in the number of drone incidents
from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in 2016.
from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in 2016.
(ii) There are intelligence reports of the collusion between the
Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine, drug cartels and terrorist
organizations in Pakistan.
Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine, drug cartels and terrorist
organizations in Pakistan.
(iii) Underground trans-border tunnels-spacious enough for terrorists to
cross border with arms and ammunition have been regularly detected by the
security forces.
cross border with arms and ammunition have been regularly detected by the
security forces.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Both (i) and (iii)
(c) Both (i) and (ii)
(d) Only (ii)
(e) Only (iii)
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q12. What is the primary example used to highlight seriousness of the
theme of the passage?
theme of the passage?
(a) The regular detection of underground trans-border tunnels-spacious
enough for terrorists to crawl with arms and ammunition and enter Indian
territory in the Jammu sector.
enough for terrorists to crawl with arms and ammunition and enter Indian
territory in the Jammu sector.
(b) The discovery of a sophisticated underground tunnel equipped with
solar panel system and a rail system along the US-Mexico border.
solar panel system and a rail system along the US-Mexico border.
(c) The information about drug-trafficking gangs, according to Mexican
authorities, paying around $100 million per month in bribes to police officers
across the country.
authorities, paying around $100 million per month in bribes to police officers
across the country.
(d) The failure on the part of Donald Trump in securing the US borders
when the violence in Mexico has reached the terrible levels.
when the violence in Mexico has reached the terrible levels.
(e) More clarity is needed in the question.
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q13. What is/are the solution(s) offered by the author to the issue
discussed in the passage?
discussed in the passage?
(i) Putting in place an omnidirectional border security with a mix of
air and underground detection system.
air and underground detection system.
(ii) Having a sound national border control strategy, with the
setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance and effectiveness metrics.
setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance and effectiveness metrics.
(iii) Exposing the collusion between the drug cartels, terrorists in
Pakistan and the Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine.
Pakistan and the Pakistan’s military-intelligence combine.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Both (i) and (ii)
(c) Only (iii)
(d) All of (i), (ii) and (iii)
(e) None of the above
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q14. How are the drug cartels in Mexico able to smuggle drugs in the US?
Choose the INCORRECT option.
Choose the INCORRECT option.
(i) Drug-trafficking gangs pay around $100 million per month in bribes
to police officers of Mexico and the US.
to police officers of Mexico and the US.
(ii) The drug-cartels use the latest surveillance and communications
technology through which they can maneuver to locations along the border where
the US police presence is minimal or non-existent.
technology through which they can maneuver to locations along the border where
the US police presence is minimal or non-existent.
(iii) The technological supremacy with which the drug-cartels operate
along the US-Mexico border could be replicated by the nexus of terrorists,
drug-cartels, military-intelligence combine of the Pakistan along the
India-Pakistan border.
along the US-Mexico border could be replicated by the nexus of terrorists,
drug-cartels, military-intelligence combine of the Pakistan along the
India-Pakistan border.
(a) Only (i)
(b) Only (ii)
(c) Only (iii)
(d) Both (ii) and (iii)
(e) All the options are correct
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Reading Comprehension
Q15. What is the word which is SIMILAR in meaning to the word
‘Metastasizing’ given in bold in the passage?
‘Metastasizing’ given in bold in the passage?
(a) Flaying
(b) Zapping
(c) Positing
(d) Proliferating
(e) Ambling
L1Difficulty 3
QTags Synonym
Solutions
S1. Ans. (e)
Sol. T cells are the white blood cells. The answer to the question can
be derived from the second-last sentence of the second paragraph ‘But to
prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking the body’s own, healthy
cells, several control mechanisms (also called checkpoints) are built in’.
PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are the specific names of proteins which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
be derived from the second-last sentence of the second paragraph ‘But to
prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking the body’s own, healthy
cells, several control mechanisms (also called checkpoints) are built in’.
PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are the specific names of proteins which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
Checkpoint is the name, interchangeably, used (as evident from the
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
Hence, the option (e) is the correct answer.
S2. Ans. (b)
Sol. The answer to the question can be found from the third sentence of
the first paragraph ‘The treatment, called immunotherapy, takes the brakes
off the body’s main defense mechanism, a type of white blood cell known as a
T-cell’. T-cell is a white-blood cell. So, it is present in the
blood.
the first paragraph ‘The treatment, called immunotherapy, takes the brakes
off the body’s main defense mechanism, a type of white blood cell known as a
T-cell’. T-cell is a white-blood cell. So, it is present in the
blood.
Immune system is the name given to an abstract system where multiple tangible
element of the human-body work together to protect itself.
element of the human-body work together to protect itself.
Hence, the option (b) is the correct answer.
S3. Ans. (c)
Sol. Checkpoint inhibitor inhibits the inhibition applied on the T-cell
by the checkpoints. Kindly read the second-last sentence of the first paragraph
‘Allison and Honjo showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes
on the immune system can be used in the treatment of cancer’.
by the checkpoints. Kindly read the second-last sentence of the first paragraph
‘Allison and Honjo showed how different strategies for inhibiting the brakes
on the immune system can be used in the treatment of cancer’.
Also read the third sentence of the fourth paragraph ‘The two
winners, Allison and Honjo, each discovered a different checkpoint on
T-cells that can be targeted by cancer cells to prevent or slow down an attack.’
winners, Allison and Honjo, each discovered a different checkpoint on
T-cells that can be targeted by cancer cells to prevent or slow down an attack.’
From above, we find that both the alternatives (i) and (ii) are correct.
Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
S4. Ans. (a)
Sol. Checkpoint is the name, interchangeably, used (as evident from the
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells.
Each of the 2018 Noble Laureates found a different checkpoint. In total,
two checkpoints have been discovered by the 2018 Noble Laureates. The two
checkpoints are CTLA-4 and PD-1 which are found on the T-cells. Both are
proteins. Kindly read the fourth paragraph from the second sentence to the
seventh sentence to ascertain that the two checkpoints are proteins and are
present on the T-Cells.
two checkpoints have been discovered by the 2018 Noble Laureates. The two
checkpoints are CTLA-4 and PD-1 which are found on the T-cells. Both are
proteins. Kindly read the fourth paragraph from the second sentence to the
seventh sentence to ascertain that the two checkpoints are proteins and are
present on the T-Cells.
Now, kindly read the last sentence of the second paragraph ‘Checkpoint
inhibitors are drugs—based on the work of…’
inhibitors are drugs—based on the work of…’
From above, we find that the option (a) is the correct answer.
S5. Ans. (e)
Sol. Checkpoint is the name, interchangeably, used (as evident from the
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells. T-cells are the main fighters of the immune system
which protect the body from biological attacks such as infections. T-cells are
the things which attack the cancer cells and attempt to protect the body from
cancer. Checkpoint is either the name of the mechanism or different proteins
which inhibit the functioning of the T-cells.
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the
functioning of the T-cells. T-cells are the main fighters of the immune system
which protect the body from biological attacks such as infections. T-cells are
the things which attack the cancer cells and attempt to protect the body from
cancer. Checkpoint is either the name of the mechanism or different proteins
which inhibit the functioning of the T-cells.
So, checkpoints don’t cure cancer.
Hence, the correct answer is the option (e).
S6. Ans. (e)
Sol. All the given statements are FALSE.
Checkpoint is the name, interchangeably, used (as evident from the
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the functioning
of the T-cells. Till now, as per the passage, only two checkpoints have been
discovered. We cannot say with certainty if all the checkpoints would be
proteins. So, the statement (i) is FALSE.
second-last sentence of the paragraph 2 and the sentences 2 to 7 of the
paragraph 4) for the protein and the control mechanism which inhibit the functioning
of the T-cells. Till now, as per the passage, only two checkpoints have been
discovered. We cannot say with certainty if all the checkpoints would be
proteins. So, the statement (i) is FALSE.
For the statement (ii), kindly read the last third statement of the
fourth paragraph ‘T-cells have another protein on their surface called
PD-1 — identified by Honjo — which attaches to a matching protein called PD-L1
on the surface of other cells.’ It’s the PD-1 proteins which are found on
the surface of the T-cells, not the PD-L1 cells. So, the statement (ii)
is FALSE.
fourth paragraph ‘T-cells have another protein on their surface called
PD-1 — identified by Honjo — which attaches to a matching protein called PD-L1
on the surface of other cells.’ It’s the PD-1 proteins which are found on
the surface of the T-cells, not the PD-L1 cells. So, the statement (ii)
is FALSE.
For the statement (iii), kindly read the second-last sentence of the
second paragraph ‘But to prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking
the body’s own, healthy cells, several control mechanisms (also called
checkpoints) are built in.’ So, it can’t be said if checkpoints are bane
for the human body in every situation. Hence, the statement (iii) is FALSE.
second paragraph ‘But to prevent T-cells from going overboard and attacking
the body’s own, healthy cells, several control mechanisms (also called
checkpoints) are built in.’ So, it can’t be said if checkpoints are bane
for the human body in every situation. Hence, the statement (iii) is FALSE.
For the statement (iv), kindly read the last sentence of the second
paragraph ‘Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs — based on the work of Allison
and Honjo — that block the body’s control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more
active and can fight cancer cells more freely. ‘
paragraph ‘Checkpoint inhibitors are drugs — based on the work of Allison
and Honjo — that block the body’s control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more
active and can fight cancer cells more freely. ‘
Now let’s discuss the statement (v), nowhere in the passage is it mention
if the 2018 Nobel Laureates in Medicine created any drug which inhibit the
inhibition imposed by the checkpoints on the T-cells. According to the passage,
each of the laureates discovered different checkpoints found on the T-cells and
floated the idea of creating checkpoint-inhibition.
if the 2018 Nobel Laureates in Medicine created any drug which inhibit the
inhibition imposed by the checkpoints on the T-cells. According to the passage,
each of the laureates discovered different checkpoints found on the T-cells and
floated the idea of creating checkpoint-inhibition.
Kindly read a clause present in the second sentence of the first
paragraph ‘, for their discoveries that lead to a new type of cancer
treatment that targets people’s immune systems.’ The noble laureates discovered
something that lead to a new type of cancer treatment. The noble
laureates didn’t create any new cancer treatment. A new cancer treatment called
‘immunotherapy’ is based on the discovery of the noble laureates.
The last sentence of the second paragraph ‘Checkpoint inhibitors are
drugs — based on the work of Allison and Honjo — that block the body’s
control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more active and can fight cancer cells
more freely’ favours the notion.
paragraph ‘, for their discoveries that lead to a new type of cancer
treatment that targets people’s immune systems.’ The noble laureates discovered
something that lead to a new type of cancer treatment. The noble
laureates didn’t create any new cancer treatment. A new cancer treatment called
‘immunotherapy’ is based on the discovery of the noble laureates.
The last sentence of the second paragraph ‘Checkpoint inhibitors are
drugs — based on the work of Allison and Honjo — that block the body’s
control mechanisms, so that T-cells are more active and can fight cancer cells
more freely’ favours the notion.
So, the statement (v) is also FALSE.
From above, all the given statements are FALSE.
Hence, the option (e) is the correct answer.
S7. Ans. (c)
Sol. Seminal [adjective] means ‘original, originative, germinal’;
Arcane [adjective] means ‘understood by few; mysterious or secret’;
Biased [adjective] means ‘unfairly prejudiced for or against someone
or something’;
or something’;
Germinal [adjective] means ‘providing material for future development’;
‘in the earliest stage of development’;
‘in the earliest stage of development’;
Cynical [adjective] means ‘believing that people are motivated purely
by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity’;
by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity’;
Dolorous [adjective] means ‘feeling or expressing great sorrow or
distress’;
distress’;
From above, we understand that the correct synonym of Seminal is ‘germinal’.
Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
S8. Ans. (d)
Sol. Destroy [verb] means ‘end the existence of (something) by
damaging or attacking it’;
damaging or attacking it’;
Expedite [verb] means ‘make (an action or process) happen sooner or
be accomplished more quickly’;
be accomplished more quickly’;
Squander [verb] means ‘waste (something, especially money or time) in
a reckless and foolish manner’;
a reckless and foolish manner’;
Venerate [verb] means ‘regard with great respect’;
Mend [verb] means ‘repair (something that is broken or damaged)’;
Vacillate [verb] means ‘waver between different opinions or actions’;
From above, it could be found that the word ‘mend’ has a meaning which
is OPPOSITE to the meaning of the given word ‘destroy’.
is OPPOSITE to the meaning of the given word ‘destroy’.
Hence, the option (d) is the correct answer.
Sol. The answer to the question can be derived from the second sentence
of the second paragraph. ‘The significance of this issue has been
highlighted by the recent discovery of a massive underground tunnel running
underneath the United States-Mexico border.’
of the second paragraph. ‘The significance of this issue has been
highlighted by the recent discovery of a massive underground tunnel running
underneath the United States-Mexico border.’
The passage didn’t mention anything about the alternative (ii). So, it
is wrong.
is wrong.
Though the last sentence of the first paragraph did mention that ‘series
of cross-border attacks in 2015 being a reason for the border regions’ security
becoming a priority’, but the tone of the second sentence of the second
paragraph, and the first four sentences of the third paragraph suggest that
according to the author, the alternative (i) primarily indicates the enhanced
challenges in the field of border security.
of cross-border attacks in 2015 being a reason for the border regions’ security
becoming a priority’, but the tone of the second sentence of the second
paragraph, and the first four sentences of the third paragraph suggest that
according to the author, the alternative (i) primarily indicates the enhanced
challenges in the field of border security.
Hence, the correct answer is the option (a).
S10. Ans. (c)
Sol. The answer to the question can be derived from the fourth sentence
of the fourth paragraph. ‘This dangerous situation may well be repeated
along the India-Pakistan border…’ The earlier sentences mention the
technological supremacy of the drug cartels and criminal syndicates in Mexico.
of the fourth paragraph. ‘This dangerous situation may well be repeated
along the India-Pakistan border…’ The earlier sentences mention the
technological supremacy of the drug cartels and criminal syndicates in Mexico.
Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
S11. Ans. (a)
Sol. The answer to the question can be derived from the third sentence
of the fourth paragraph. ‘The use of drones by drug cartels on US-Mexico
border has raised the eyebrows of law enforcement agencies as there has been a
surprising surge in the number of drone incidents from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in
2016.’ The option (i) is a fact which is mentioned in reference to the
Mexico, not in reference to the India and/or Pakistan. Hence, the correct
answer is the option (a).
of the fourth paragraph. ‘The use of drones by drug cartels on US-Mexico
border has raised the eyebrows of law enforcement agencies as there has been a
surprising surge in the number of drone incidents from 8 in 2013 to 1752 in
2016.’ The option (i) is a fact which is mentioned in reference to the
Mexico, not in reference to the India and/or Pakistan. Hence, the correct
answer is the option (a).
S12. Ans. (b)
Sol. What is the theme of the passage? The theme of the passage is
approximately “Enhanced challenges for securing the Indian borders and the ways
to tackle it”. The passage basically talks about the challenges which India may
face while securing its border in the modern era. This is confirmed by the tone
of the fourth sentence of the fourth paragraph ‘This dangerous situation may
well be repeated along the India-Pakistan border as drug cartels and terrorist
organizations across the border have become emboldened in recent years ‘.
The focus has been given to securing the borders of India. The primary example
used to highlight the seriousness of the theme of the passage, which is
mentioned in the second sentence of the second paragraph, is the discovery
of a sophisticated underground tunnel equipped with solar panel system and a
rail system along the US-Mexico border.
approximately “Enhanced challenges for securing the Indian borders and the ways
to tackle it”. The passage basically talks about the challenges which India may
face while securing its border in the modern era. This is confirmed by the tone
of the fourth sentence of the fourth paragraph ‘This dangerous situation may
well be repeated along the India-Pakistan border as drug cartels and terrorist
organizations across the border have become emboldened in recent years ‘.
The focus has been given to securing the borders of India. The primary example
used to highlight the seriousness of the theme of the passage, which is
mentioned in the second sentence of the second paragraph, is the discovery
of a sophisticated underground tunnel equipped with solar panel system and a
rail system along the US-Mexico border.
Hence, the option (b) is the correct answer.
S13. Ans. (b)
Sol. The theme of the passage approximately is ‘Enhanced challenges
for securing the Indian borders and the ways to tackle it’.
for securing the Indian borders and the ways to tackle it’.
The answer to the question can be derived from the last sentence of the
fifth paragraph and the first sentence of the sixth paragraph.
fifth paragraph and the first sentence of the sixth paragraph.
The last sentence of the fifth paragraph is ‘Given the sophisticated
nature of the threat, the only way to effectively secure India’s border with
Pakistan from drug trafficking and weapons smuggling is to conceptualize and
put in place an omnidirectional border security with a mix of air and
underground detection system.’
nature of the threat, the only way to effectively secure India’s border with
Pakistan from drug trafficking and weapons smuggling is to conceptualize and
put in place an omnidirectional border security with a mix of air and
underground detection system.’
The first sentence of the last paragraph is ‘This issue also
underlines the need to have a sound national border control strategy, with the
setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance and effectiveness metrics.’
underlines the need to have a sound national border control strategy, with the
setting-up of quantified benchmarks, and performance and effectiveness metrics.’
From above, both the options (i) and (ii) can be derived. So, the author
of the passage offered the options (i) and (ii), but not (iii).
of the passage offered the options (i) and (ii), but not (iii).
Hence, the correct answer is the option (b).
S14. Ans. (a)
Sol. Kindly read the last sentence of the third paragraph, ‘According
to Mexican authorities, drug-trafficking gangs pay around $100 million per
month in bribes to police officers across the country.’
to Mexican authorities, drug-trafficking gangs pay around $100 million per
month in bribes to police officers across the country.’
‘The country’ is a common singular noun. What is referred
by ‘the country’? What did the ‘Mexican authorities’ refer to when they said,
‘the country’, knowing the country is a singular noun, and an article ‘the’ is
used prior to the ‘country’? It only makes sense, if ‘the country’ is referring
to ‘Mexico’.
by ‘the country’? What did the ‘Mexican authorities’ refer to when they said,
‘the country’, knowing the country is a singular noun, and an article ‘the’ is
used prior to the ‘country’? It only makes sense, if ‘the country’ is referring
to ‘Mexico’.
So, the option (i), which says that the drug-trafficking gangs pay
around $100 million per month in bribes to police officers of Mexico and the
US, is wrong because the specific sentence in the passage implies that the
bribes were offered to the police officers of Mexico.
around $100 million per month in bribes to police officers of Mexico and the
US, is wrong because the specific sentence in the passage implies that the
bribes were offered to the police officers of Mexico.
Hence, the correct answer is the option (a).
S15. Ans. (d)
Sol. Metastasize [verb] means ‘spread to other sites in the body by
metastasis’; grow; increase; escalate;
metastasis’; grow; increase; escalate;
Flay [verb] means ‘strip the skin off (a corpse or carcass)’;
Zap [verb] means ‘to get rid of or kill something or someone
especially intentionally’;
especially intentionally’;
Posit [verb] means ‘[with object] put forward as fact or as a basis
for argument’;
for argument’;
Amble [verb] means ‘[no object, with adverbial of direction] walk or
move at a slow and relaxed pace’;
move at a slow and relaxed pace’;
Proliferate [verb] means ‘[no object] increase rapidly in number;
multiply’;
multiply’;
From above, the word ‘proliferate’ has a meaning closer to the meaning
of ‘metastasize’.
of ‘metastasize’.
Hence, the option (d) is the correct answer.
IBPS PO Main 2019 Preparation Study Material!
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All the Best BA’ians for IBPS PO Mains 2019!!
