Directions (1-15): Read the following passage carefully and answer these questions. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Political ploys initially hailed as master-strokes often end up as flops. The Rs. 60,000 crore farm loan waiver announced in the budget writes off 100% of overdues of small and marginal farmers holding up to two hectares, and 25% of overdues of larger farmers. While India has enjoyed 8%-9% GDP growth for the past few years, the boom has bypassed many rural areas and farmer distress and suicides have made newspaper headlines. Various attempts to provide relief (employment guarantee scheme, public distribution system) have had little impact, thanks to huge leakages from the government’s lousy delivery systems. So, many economists think the loan waiver is a worthwhile alternative to provide relief.
However, the poorest rural folk are landless labourers, who get neither farm loans nor waivers. Half of small and marginal farmers get no loans from banks and depend entirely on moneylenders, and will not benefit. Besides, rural India is full of family holdings rather than individual holdings, and family holdings will typically be much larger than two hectares even for dirt-poor farmers, who will, therefore, be denied the 100% waiver. It will thus fail in both its economic and political objectives. IRDP loans to the rural poor in the 1980s demonstrated that crooked bank officials demand bribes amounting to one-third the intended benefits. Very few of the intended beneficiaries who merited relief received it. After the last farm loan waiver in 1990, many banks went slow on fresh farm loans for some years. This waiver will similarly slow down fresh loans to deserving farmers. While overdues to cooperatives may be higher, economist Surjit Bhalla says less than 5% of farmer loans to banks are overdue i.e. overdues exist for only 2.25 million out of 90 million farmers. If so, then the 95% who have repaid loans will not benefit. They will be angry at being penalized for honesty.
The budget thus grossly overestimates the number of beneficiaries. It also underestimates the negative effects of the waiver-encouraging willful defaults in future and discouraging fresh bank lending for some years. Instead of trying to reach the needy through a plethora of leaky schemes we should transfer cash directly to the needy, using new technology like biometric smart cards, which are now being used in many countries, and mobile phone bank accounts. Then benefits can go directly to phone accounts operable only by those with biometric cards, ending the massive leakages of current schemes.
The political benefits of the loan waiver have also been exaggerated since if only a small fraction of farm families benefit, and many of these have to pay bribes to get the actual benefit, will the waiver really be a massive vote-winner? Members of joint families will feel aggrieved that, despite having less than one hectare per head, their family holding is too large to qualify for the 100% waiver. All finance ministers, of the central or state governments, give away freebies in their last budgets, hoping to win electoral regards. Yet, four-fifth of all incumbent governments are voted out. This shows that beneficiaries of favours are not notably grateful, while those not so favoured may feel aggrieved, and vote for the Opposition. That seems to be why election budgets constantly fail to win elections in India and the loan waiver will not change that pattern.
Q1. Why do economists feel that loan waivers will benefit farmers in distress?
(a) It will improve the standard of living of those farmers who can afford to repay their loans but are exempted.
(b) Other government relief measures have proved ineffective.
(c) Suicide rates of farmers have declined after the announcement of the waiver.
(d) Farmers will be motivate to increase the size of their family holdings not individual holdings.
(e) The governments will be forced to reexamine and improve the public distribution system.
Q2. What message will the loan waiver send to farmers who have repaid loans?
(a) The Government will readily provide them with loans in the future.
(b) As opposed to money lenders banks are a safer and more reliable source of credit.
(c) Honesty is the best policy.
(d) It is beneficial to take loans from cooperatives since their rates of interest are lower.
(e) None of these
Q3. What is the author’s suggestion to provide aid to farmers?
(a) Families should split their joint holding to take advantage of the loan waiver.
(b) The government should increase the reach of the employment guarantee scheme.
(c) Loans should be disbursed directly into bank accounts of the farmer using the latest technology.
(d) Government should ensure that loan waivers can be implemented over a number of years.
(e) Rural infrastructure can be improved using schemes which were successful abroad.
Q4. What was the outcome of IRDP loans to the rural poor?
(a) The percentage of bank loan sanctioned to family owned farms increased.
(b) The loans benefited dishonest money-lenders not landless labourers.
(c) Corrupt bank officials were the unintended beneficiaries of the loans.
(d) It resulted in the government sanctioning thrice the amount for the current loan waiver.
(e) None of these
Q5. What are the terms of the loan waiver?
(A) One-fourth of the overdue loans of landless labourers will be written off.
(B) The Rs. 60,000 crore loan waiver has been sanctioned for 2.25 million marginal farmers.
(C) Any farmer with between 26 percent to 100 percent of their loan repayments overdue will be penalized.
(a) Only (A)
(b) Only (B)
(c) Both (B) & (C)
(d) All (A), (B) & (C)
(e) None of these
Q6. What is the author’s view of the loan waiver?
(a) It will have an adverse psychological impact on those who cannot avail of the waiver.
(b) It is a justified measure in view of the high suicide rate among landless labourers.
(c) It makes sound economic and political sense in the existing scenario.
(d) It will ensure that the benefits of India’s high GDP are felt by the rural poor.
(e) None of these
Q7. Which of the following cannot be said about loan waiver?
(A) Small and marginal farmers will benefit the most.
(B) The loan waiver penalizes deserving farmers.
(C) A large percentage i.e. ninety-five percent of distressed farmers will benefit.
(a) Only (C)
(b) Both (A) & (C)
(c) Only (A)
(d) Both (B) & (C)
(e) None of these
Q8. Which of the following will definitely be an impact of loan waivers?
(A) Family holdings will be split into individual holdings not exceeding one hectare.
(B) The public distribution system will be revamped.
(C) Opposition will definitely win the election.
(a) None
(b) Only (A)
(c) Both (A) & (B)
(d) Only (C)
(e) All (A), (B) & (C)
Q9. What impact will the loan waiver have on banks?
(a) Banks have to bear the entire brunt of the write off.
(b) Loss of trust in banks by big farmers.
(c) Corruption among bank staff will increase.
(d) Framers will make it a habits to default on loans
(e) None of these
Q10. According to the author what is the government’s motive in sanctioning the loan waiver?
(a) To encourage farmers to opt for bank loans over loans from money lenders.
(b) To raise 90 million farmers out of indebtedness.
(c) To provide relief to those marginal farmers who have the means to but have not repaid their loans
(d) To ensure they will be reelected
(e) None of these
Directions (11-13): Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Q11. Incumbent
(a) Mandatory
(b) Present
(c) Incapable
(d) Lazy
(e) Officious
Q12. Ploys
(a) Surveys
(b) Entreaties
(c) Ruses
(d) Conspiracies
(e) Assurances
Q13. Aggrieved
(a) Vindicated
(b) Intimidated
(c) Offensive
(d) Wronged
(e) Disputed
Directions (14-15): Choose the word/phrase which is most opposite in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Q14. Plethora
(a) Dearth
(b) Missing
(c) Superfluous
(d) Sufficient
(e) Least
Q15. Merited
(a) Ranked
(b) Unqualified for
(c) Lacked
(d) Inept at
(e) Unworthy of
Solutions
S1. Ans.(b)
Sol. Other government relief measures have proved ineffective.
S2. Ans.(e)
Sol. None of these
S3. Ans.(c)
Sol. Loans should be disbursed directly into bank accounts of the farmer using the latest technology.
S4. Ans.(c)
Sol. Corrupt bank officials were the unintended beneficiaries of the loans.
S5. Ans.(e)
Sol. None of these
S6. Ans.(a)
Sol. It will have an adverse psychological impact on those who cannot avail of the waiver.
S7. Ans.(a)
Sol. Only (C)
Sol. None
S9. Ans.(e)
Sol. None of these
S10. Ans.(d)
Sol. To ensure they will be reelected
S11. Ans.(a)
Sol. incumbent- necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
S12. Ans.(c)
Sol. ploy-a cunning plan or action designed to turn a situation to one’s own advantage.
ruse- an action intended to deceive someone; a trick.
S13. Ans.(d)
Sol. aggrieved-feeling anger because of unfair treatment
S14. Ans.(a)
Sol. plethora-a large or excessive amount of something.
S15. Ans.(e)
Sol. merit-deserve or be worthy of (reward, punishment, or attention).
